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The Christian anti-Semitism has pagan origins

History written by Leon Poliakov Semitism behind the Nuremberg trials and then published in the fifties (in Italy by Sansoni) devotes a very limited number of pages to the origin of feelings of hostility toward Jews as well you are registering before the Christian era: "I do not find in ancient pagan-Poliakov wrote passionate reactions-those who later make the collective fate of the Jews so hard and precarious." He acknowledged, Poliakov, you must make an exception for the city of Alexandria, where there was a large Jewish community and the conflicts between the Jews and the population Greek were "frequent and sharp," so they had to record multiple "explosions of popular anger against the Jews." But, he added, "As a general rule the Roman Empire from pagan anti-Semitism did not know of the state." And with the downturn of the anti-Jewish expressions everything that we find in abundance in the writings of Diodorus Siculus, Philostratus, Pompey Trogo, Juvenal, Tacitus, Horace, Valerius Maximus and Seneca.

Several decades after Peter Schaefer in Judeophobia. Anti-Semitism in the ancient world (Carocci) focused on broad-based documentation - on an indication that the greek king of Syria Antiochus VII received by his advisers at the time of the siege of Jerusalem (135 BC) that there had to be limited to conquer the city but should have been "completely eradicate the race of the Jews." From what Schaefer has argued that one can speak of anti-Semitism in full bloom "well before the advent of Christianity." The result is a debate by the obvious implications. And there were many who argue - albeit between the lines - with Schaefer. One for all the Oxford scholar who Jasper Griffin (reviewing Judeophobia on "The New York Review of Books", September 1999) recognized that, yes, even in pre-Christian age "there were cases in which the projected fantasies about the Jews of human sacrifices and vows ratified with human blood, "but added," stories are rare, which is also said about other groups, Druids, Christians, Catiline conspirators and therefore were not the sole prerogative of the Jews. "

Now the debate is set to reopen thanks to a voluminous essay by Martin Goodman, whose final part examines the conflict that opposed Rome to Jerusalem in the late first and early second century AD. A fierce showdown, according to the estimates in the Jewish War of Josephus, caused more than a million and one hundred thousand deaths. Staggering at the time. It was inevitable, the author asks, the collision between the Romans and Jews that had resulted in 70 AD, the carnage and especially the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem? Or at least it was inevitable that the conflict took on a sudden as it definitive? Absolutely not. Indeed, the thesis of the first part of Goodman's book Rome and Jerusalem. The clash of ancient civilizations, which is to Laterza send in a bookstore in the impeccable translation of Michael Sampaolo, is that those two worlds could co-exist very well as they had co-existed until then: it was the struggle for power in Rome that caused the disaster. In what sense? The Roman occupation of the region had lasted for over a century (from 37 BC) without you ever had to face crisis of those proportions. First, due to the repression practiced by Herod later (6 to 66 AD) there was no need even of that.

But at the end of the reign of Nero, things changed. In May 66 with a trivial pretext, the inhabitants had refused to go in procession to greet the emperor two cohorts - the Roman procurator of Judea, Chalk Floro, unleashed his forces against the market leading to greater Jerusalem in one day three thousand six hundred dead, mostly women and children. Vigorous reaction was Jewish, which led to the establishment of an independent state, even if the inhabitants of Jerusalem remained divided between those who wanted to resume a path of peace and those who wish to insist on the field of arms. But the situation at that time was still recoverable. A result of this balance was broken in June 68, the death of Nero.

When the emperor was killed by his freedman Epaphroditus, Titus Flavius \u200b\u200bVespasian, a very capable soldier (but nothing more) who had distinguished himself twenty years before the conquest of Britain, took the opportunity derivatagli from being commander in the field the war in Judaea to exploit the war itself and with it give rise to power in the capital of the upset by divisions over the succession between Galba, Otho and Vitellius. Vespasian succeeded in its intention (69) thanks to the advice of Joseph, a priest of Jerusalem who, after commanding the rebel troops in Galilee, had been captured by the Romans and was made available to the future emperor prophesied for him since 67 (well before the death of Nero) the rise to high office. Joseph would later explain in seven magnificent books of the Jewish War which has been said before - written in 70 when the son of Vespasian, Titus, destroyed the city and the Temple - as his former co-religionists had become overwhelming. Despite the subsequent uprisings in Cyrenaica and Egypt (72) and last attempt at resistance at Masada (73). And here comes the interesting part Goodman's book, where he explores what made it so to say the crisis in the final 70.

Bruise Feeling On My Head

Left and Liberty, 3 symbols in a year. "But how many flags we have to buy?"



not seem to find the peace and freedom political experiment of the Left, now called "Left ecology and Freedom." Last Sunday in Rome Nichi Vendola was elected spokesman of the movement (and future intentions in the party), and for the occasion has been named the new symbol. Nothing wrong, except that it is the third within a year. What has struck, and even a little, the militants of training left-wing "radical but of government." Just take a ride on the official website sinistraeliberta.eu (until a few weeks ago was the official site another, that also changed in a hurry due to the defection of the Socialists).

know that Luke is not enough of change. Titta disconsolate "I can accept it only because there are troubles by the notary who think it's petty politics. But if not for this, please, no". Giuseppe joked, explaining that "12 other versions will follow before the final version disappears ...." The content is this. There are also those who like the new look, of course. And then there are those who are not already a restyling event features: there is little red, there's too white, "left" is written small, "ecology" is good but ...".

In short, history troubled the symbol of the (future) party Vendola teammates is enclosed all the equally troubled history of that movement and everything that moves to the left of the Democratic Party in general divisions, proclamations of unity, even divisions, slammed doors, proposals and constituents , meetings and conferences to the poison, changes of direction and accusations among friends, those too communist, socialist ones too, that reform and environmental goals. A real soap opera.

SEL fact is created by those who had split, and is not a pun. Former Chapterhouse Vendola, former Ds Mussi and Fava, a former PdCI Guidoni and Katia Belillo, plus the Greens and the Socialist Party. The first stage was the last European elections June: there was to overcome the bar of 4% to a 3.1%. Not bad for a new political project was born from a few months and based on compromise any elected would go and sit in different banks depending on the origin, or PSE, or Gue (radical left) or between the European Greens.

But failed to return to Parliament (although European), the grumbling began. And so before they left the Greens who met in Congress, were elected secretary Angelo Bonelli, a unit that the project would not hear for some time and withdrew the troops. Not everyone agreed, and so, even there, purges: the old way Francescato spokeswoman Grace and her former Undersecretary Paolo Cento, said "Er Piotta" because they, instead, we still believed in the SEL.

After they said goodbye to the Socialists Nencini, who meanwhile had resumed the old and glorious (I wonder if lucky) name: Psi. Socialists, in order to conclude the season, had also taken away the keys to the site after the stormy meeting sinistraeliberta.it farewell to others. Now show the "portal service". Every goodbye, of course, led to the change of symbol, because the risk of battles notary. Now approaching regional elections, and the ecology of the Left and Freedom want to sleep soundly, at least from that side. Although the fear of another militant is not be underestimated: "How many different flags we buy from here at the end of 2010?".

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The philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, one of the greatest thinkers of the twentieth century, proposed a complex hermeneutical approach to the famous commandment of Leviticus: "You shall love your neighbor as yourself" with extraordinary force, arguing that we are responsible in the face of others. We are responsible even if it is one of our most uncompromising opponent and even that of our enemy. The burglary of the face of Silvio Berlusconi is tearing at the face of a single person but also to the man's face as this is regression and unacceptable and senseless. Then rejoice in the violent act of a mentally unstable is reckless and a sign of serious TARE in the vision of the human being and his integrity. But much more important is the manipulation of the isolated act of a deranged made by the cheerleaders of the PDL in order to unleash a witch hunt and McCarthyism-style mode with squads against freedom of criticism of journalists and political opponents. Today, every democracy worthy of the name has a duty to give immediate and unequivocal solidarity in particular to Antonio di Marco Travaglio and Peter but in general all those who are subjected to this brutal intimidation pillory. Mr. Cicchitto, if he thinks what he says, should take responsibility and bring to justice its most serious allegations, of course Having renounced the 'immunity' Member. The new intellectual Eng. Castelli tried the quotes picked on and irenic. Bonaiuti they should undergo a serious control their perception of reality. They talk about violent language of the left, they, their allies Borghezio, Calderoli and Bossi, their employees supine Knight who has made violent language against opponents, judges and members of the European Parliament, an unparalleled paradigm.

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E 'the mind that must change, not the sky that live

Seneca letter of 28

Do you think it happened only to you and you wonder how a fact unheard of, because , having traveled widely and in many different places, you've shaken off your sadness and your spiritual malaise? You have to change mind, not the sky. Also crosses the sea to leave as our Virgil says, that vanish lands and cities, on the horizon, your vices follow you wherever you go. Socrates, a man who complained for the same reason, he said, "Why do you wonder if you do not need to travel? Ports around yourself. You persecute the same reasons that made you flee. "A new land that they can profit? A knowledge of the city and different places? all the fuss is in vain. Ask why this flight is not you help? You run away with yourself. unburden the soul: before then you will not genius anywhere. Do you think your condition is similar to that which is our Virgil in the exalted prophet, spurred and possessed by a spirit not his own: The prophet is trying to drive out the wiggles God from his soul.

Go here and there to shake off the weight that oppresses you, and that becomes more heavily because of this your distress, so a ship load weighs less stable, while if it is tossed around unequally, makes sinking the side on which weighed. Whatever you do, results in harm to you and the same continuous movements harm you: you move a patient. But when you have removed this evil, any change of venue will become enjoyable. Although you will be exiled to distant lands or you will be transferred to any country barbaric, that place, anyway, you seem hospitable. It has more mood that the place where you arrive, so the mind should not be made slave of nowhere. We must live with this conviction was not born for one corner and my country is the whole world. If you make this one clear, do not be surprised at anything you do not need to constantly change region, because you're tired of the above, I would have liked the first, if you consider all as your own. Now I do not travel, and let yourself go astray and lead you move from one place to another, and what you need, live peacefully, you will find anywhere. Is there a more turbulent place of the forum? Again, if you must, you can live in peace. But if we could decide for ourselves, even run away from view and the proximity of the hole, such as unhealthy places also undermine an iron, so for a healthy spirit, vigorous but not yet perfect and there are unhealthy places. I disagree with those who go out into the waves and prefer a troubled life and struggling valiantly every day with many difficulties. The essay must bear it, try not to strut, and prefer peace to the fight, does not help much in getting rid of its own vices, but fought with those of others. "Thirty Tyrants," I say, "Socrates did pressure, but they could not wear out the spirit." Who cares how many bosses? Slavery is one, if one despises it, how many owners have, is free.

is time to finish, provided I pay the first toll. "Being aware of one's faults is the first step toward salvation." I think that Epicurus has given a very fair idea: if one can not make mistakes, does not want to correct; you have to catch him, before correcting himself. Some boast of their vices and you think you are looking for a remedy under those who consider his vices? So as you can, the accused, is' an examination of conscience, first assume the role of prosecutor, judge then, most recently that of intercessor, and sometimes punisciti. Take care.

Do you think it happened only to you and you wonder how a fact unheard of, because, despite having traveled widely and in many different places, you've shaken off your sadness and your spiritual malaise? You have to change mind, not the sky. Also crosses the sea to leave as our Virgil says, that vanish lands and cities, on the horizon, your vices follow you wherever you go. Socrates, a man who complained for the same reason, he said, "Why do you wonder if you do not need to travel? Ports around yourself. Persecute you the same reasons that made you flee." A new land that they can profit? A knowledge of the city and different places? All this fuss is in vain. Ask why this flight is not you help? You run away with yourself. Unburden the soul: before then you will not genius nowhere. Do you think your condition is similar to that which is our Virgil in the prophetess enhanced, and spurred possessed by a spirit not his own: The prophet struggles trying to banish God from his soul.

Go here and there to shake off the weight that oppresses you, and that becomes more heavily because of this your distress, so a ship load weighs less stable, while if it is tossed around unequally, is sink the side on which weighed. Whatever you do, results in harm to you and the same continuous movements harm you: you move a patient. But when you have removed this evil, any change of venue will become enjoyable. Although you will be exiled to distant lands or you will be transferred to any country barbaric, that place, anyway, you seem hospitable. It has more mood that the place where you arrive, so the mind should not be made slave of nowhere. Must live with this conviction was not born for one corner and my country is the whole world. If you make this one clear, do not be surprised at anything you do not need to constantly change the region, because you're tired of the foregoing, I would have liked the first, if you consider all as your own. Now I do not travel, and let yourself go astray and lead you move from one place to another, and what you need, live peacefully, you will find anywhere. Is there a more turbulent place of the forum? Again, if you must, you can live in peace. But if we could decide for ourselves, even run away from view and the proximity of the hole, such as unhealthy places also undermine an iron, so for a healthy mind, but not yet perfect and vigorous, there are unhealthy places. I disagree with those who go out into the waves and prefer a troubled life and struggling valiantly every day with great difficulty. The essay must bear it, try not to strut, and prefer peace to the fight, does not help much in getting rid of its own vices, but fought with those of others. "Thirty Tyrants," I say, "Socrates did pressure, but they could not wear out the spirit." Who cares how many bosses? Slavery is one, if one despises it, how many owners have, is free.

is time to finish, provided before I pay the toll. "Being aware of one's faults is the first step toward salvation." I think that Epicurus has given a very fair idea: if one can not make mistakes, does not want to correct, you have to catch him, before correcting himself. Some boast of their vices and you think you are looking for a remedy under those who consider his vices? So as you can, the accused, is' an examination of conscience, first assume the role of prosecutor, judge then, most recently that of intercessor, and sometimes punisciti. Take care.

Why Does My R/c Helicopter Spin In Circles

why males are destined to betray

Any caged tiger is a very sad sight, and Tiger Woods is no exception. Last week he issued a tormented statement in which he revealed that athletes perfect, the god of golf, it's still a human being. The question everyone is asking is why someone like Tiger - whose ego has no need of having to increase their self-esteem, with a beautiful wife and adorable children - feel the need, as he himself said, " transgress. "

To fully understand what happened to Tiger Woods, we must put the clock back very much, going back to the times when the human personality was evolving, returning to the hundreds of thousands of years in which men lived in small tribal groups of hunters and gatherers. It was then that the human mating behavior changed radically. Instead of having a specific mating season, like most mammals, humans began to remain sexually active throughout the year. The girls stopped to express their period of ovulation blatantly, and showed themselves ready to mate even when they could not conceive. Human beings were not limited to sex, but fell in love. The couple became stable, paving the way for the human family unit.

If this system based on the couple has been so useful to our ancestors, why then the trend has not improved, so that when they fall in love their emotional bond is so solid to ensure that any sexual interest in other adults is automatically disabled? The answer is that a certain flexibility in the system was necessary, because often the young men of the tribe were killed during the hunt and sometimes young women died giving birth to their children. If the survivors have had to remain faithful forever with their partners, it would mean that after a family tragedy from the standpoint of playing there would be a waste, and this was a problem in small tribe of true survival.

flexibility in coupling implied that the risk of sexual interest outside of the pair always exists. In small tribal communities there were few opportunities to give rise to problems of large scope, but in today's urban society everything is of course different, and we see an endless number of divorces. You may wonder at this point because husbands and wives to be unfaithful even when they are part of a family that works and even if their partners are not tragically died young.

What causes them to embark on sexual potentially disastrous? In evolutionary terms, the adult male is led to "take action" by two distinct reproductive needs, both motivated by a concern to be sure he tramanderà their genes to the next generation. The prevailing strategy is to devote a large proportion of their time and their energy to raise children born within the couple. Less a strategy, going back to an ancient past, is what puts it in the condition if they have the opportunity to give birth to other random children, to do so provided that this does not hinder its primary strategy. This means that the man who loves his wife and their children may find it difficult to resist the temptation of a brief sexual adventure. And so, even in a happy marriage, both partners can sometimes "break" the power of this primitive reproductive stress. (C. 2009, Telegraph. Co. Uk translation Anna Bissanti)

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"My son, leave this country"

My son, you're going to finish your university, you have been good. I have no reproaches from you. Finish on time and well, much more than your mother and I had expected. That's why I speak bitterly, thinking of what is now waiting for you. This country, your country is no longer a place where we can stand with pride.

You can only imagine the pain with which I say these things, and concern about a future that will end up breaking the gentle habits of our life together, as was the case for all these long years. But I can not honestly hide what I have long meditated. Do you know enough to know how strong your sense of justice, the desire to get the results, the feeling of friends to hold together, good and bad alike. And, again, the idea that studying hard is the only way to make credible and reliable in the work that you meet. Here, look around. What you see is that all this has less value in a society divided, quarrelsome, highly individualistic, ready to sell off the minimum values \u200b\u200bof solidarity and fairness, in exchange for a recognition of the personal interests of prebends questionable; fierce Careers made on merit exist. Unless it is a merit affiliation, political, clan, familistic: just make the difference.

This is a country where, if you're lucky, you'll start earning a tenth of all racks, a hundredth of a tissue or a tronista, maybe a little more than a thousandth of a great manager who has the assets and misadventures failures that will ever pay. It 's also a country in which to travel, you have to pray that Alitalia does not try to tell us to take seriously the company asking its employees respect the organization, because then you may come to see you cancel any flight for days whole, spend your time waiting for an information (or excuse) that will not come. On the other hand, how could it be otherwise, if this is the only country where an airline Been technically bankrupt for failing to stay on the market, giving it the monopoly was privatized, and so forcing its leaders to paralysis in the face of employees who do not believe more than ever be at risk.

Believe me, if you look around and if you turn a bit ', you will not find many reasons to cheer him up. Run into the glorious destiny of those who, having made even the taxi driver, you see rewarded - for reasons guessed - with a Board of Directors, or not knowing anything about electricity, gas and various energies, undeterred access to the top of a multi-utility. Not worth anything have spotless record, if there are sufficient grounds to work on other land, able to push a delicate task, perhaps critical for the fate of industrial country. This is a country where no one seems destined to pay for the mistakes made, imagine if you will pull back and thought he did not touch a place more than once officiated by registered post to any office. I could go on and on, bored and depressing.

For this, his heart is suffering more than ever, my advice is that you, your studies are finished, take the road from abroad. Choose where to go have a value loyalty, respect, recognition of merit and performance. You probably will not all gold, not that. Also happen that often, you take the nostalgia of your country and, I hope, of your old. And you will try to come to terms, to do that for which you have prepared for years.

Listen to me, this is a country you do not deserve. We wanted it to be different and we have failed. Us too. You have the right to live differently, without asking, for example, if what you say or write can disrupt some of these mediocre that count, the risk of being placed in the viewfinder, even subtly, and find yourself marginalized without understanding why. Now that I have said what I wanted to avoid with all my strength, I know, I expect, what would you answer me. I know you and love you for that too. I say it's all true, that things are just like that, that you suck, but you, for this, do not give it to him won. That's it. And I do not know, believe me, if you worry more for this obstinacy, or rejoice at having found a way to not let me down, favoring my bitterness. However prepared to suffer.

Love, your father


The author was Director General of RAI. He is currently director general of the Free International University of Social Studies, Luiss Guido Carli.

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The crucifix and the pumpkin

Don Raffaele Garofalo

Diary of the pioneer missionary in Africa tell us that whenever the men showed the crucifix to the natives, they fled in terror. In all probability the "primitive" by Claude Levi-Strauss ever wondered who were those "savages" delighted in showing them a man subjected to such torture! E 'likely in front of a "Halloween pumpkin" would have laughed good-naturedly. The eye and the mind accustomed to prevent us to understand the scandal highlighted by strangers, what would happen if we showed in our churches a man hanging from a rope or beheaded or charred on an electric chair. A secular state should not impose the presence of crucifixes in classrooms, or promote the teaching of one religion in public schools. A discipline that respects of secularism and pluralism would only be possible with the study of history of religions or of religion itself. The teachers, of whatever faith or none, gain access to specific securities bearing obtained from the University of the State and appointed by the Minister for competitions and rankings. Father Ernesto Balducci, soul, masterfully Christian and secular, said that the educational activity must be non-denominational, "of course becomes the Gospel" when it is capable of empowering people before subordinate. Don Milani, teacher and educator, a man of faith, do not expose the crucifix on the walls of the school Barbiana.La Strasbourg ruling provides an opportunity for reflection that goes beyond the event and put the same attention to the value of the identifying symbol of Christians. Paul of Tarsus, for one, emphasizes the significance of the cross, giving rise to the "sacrificial theology" that an offended God would have demanded an "adequate remedy" by sacrifice his own son. It is a concept of divinity, not far from the pagan gods that subside with sacrifices, even to the shedding of human blood. Paul himself, however, states that the strength of Christianity, what distinguishes a religion making "real" than the other "false", is the Resurrection of Christ, the victory over death, conclusive evidence of his divinity. "If Christ has not been raised our preaching is vain, vain and your faith" (I Cor. 15, 14). The crucifixion and death of the Messiah characterize a situation of transition in the economy of Christian salvation. A theology "masochistic" favored, however, the sacrificial transitional moment of the cross rather than the final message of the Resurrection. For believers, the excitement should be paid not to the Christ crucified but risen Christ: instead of that symbol of death, should be in the camp said the figure of the Master alive and welcoming, a theology of life, not the non morte.Per the crucifix symbolizes believers, the laity, the suffering, the heroism of which he knows could become the 'man "to rescue his fellow man. Think of the crosses scattered along the Appian Way, after the Spartacus revolt that led to restore dignity to his men, consider the martyrs of the liberation struggle that history lists. The cross is an emblem of man's redemption of the oppressed. Knowing that a man-god was executed on charges of "stirring up" against the power makes it more acceptable, even non-belief, "made man" of Christ, the generous gesture of love. Striking features, however, a crucifix that will express the "repair" does not claim to be a God willing to forgive free (within its limits, the man they ... is capable of!), a jealous God willed that the creature in His image and likeness Lui.Il aspire to become like God's face to be found within man, why Judaism prohibits all human vision and representation. A crucifix covered with dust layered, hung mo 'of furnishings into disuse, it makes no Christian, but can make us dangerously Pharisees: the cross of Christ is also on display in the secret of the mafia! The Catholic proselytism makes extensive use of images and gestures bordering on superstition while neglecting the Christian message that passes when the Word becomes life vissuta.I our devoted leaders may profess their faith by solving the problems of who is nailed to the lack of jobs, insecurity. The Church, for its part, to preserve the freedom of a credible proclamation of the Gospel, is called to the witness. If Christians are truly "baking", mentioned in the Gospel, will be effective only "in the middle of the crowd," the school of the State, giving up the continual demands of public money for their elite institutions. The government will respect the Christian roots of our country when the racial laws will abolish the "rejection" of the crime of illegal immigration, a civil and dignified reception of immigrants, the current crucified on tramp despair, a world enslaved by pagan symbols firmly tied to his soul. Under the gaze of a crucified and sacred images, we are able to perform the most horrific actions: from violence in the home, the injustices committed in the courtrooms, offices, schools, even in churches. In the name of a sacred symbol has become "furniture" is being launched racist laws, are blessed weapons, perpetrate massacres, you agree guerre.In France, Germany, England and many other nations, respectful of the Vatican but free from "servitude" you have the consciousness that in administrative offices, educational establishments, it is a public non-sectarian, is a culture not a profession of faith. Christians should be the first to recognize the importance of a thorough study of religion that would support more informed choices, thwarting any fundamentalist threat. Gradually introduce the teaching in schools of other religions, as is being proposed, is now worn cobble together a fabric, a desire to provide funds to pool knowledge that enhances the negative aspect of the differences instead of highlighting the wealth. The "Catechism" administered in schools difficult to create deep-rooted beliefs, is to support often, if not rejection, indifference to religion for a lifetime. The comparison with different cultures, with other ways of conceiving a good faith would support the formation of a future society based on peaceful coexistence, will make it easier to search, compare and share common values, scongiurerà the risk of new wars of religion, "clashes of civilizations." A state that is short-sighted, and feels responsible for a harmonious growth of future generations, should engage in that direction. The Church should not feel threatened by a plurality of voices united by shared values, rather than a religious diffiderà flaunted, destined to be systematically denied by public and private behavior. In Italy the crucifix "should be" hung on the walls, desire for unanimous intrometterà not in the affairs of private and public citizens and leaders! Remains in place, nailed, that's where you want it! Non-invasive, harmless. For these reasons, it was hushed up by the Sanhedrin and a Roman tribunal.

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Silvio and the Mafia: A letter

Now there is documentary evidence. Indeed, according to the Prosecutor Palermo, Silvio Berlusconi was in contact with the leaders of Cosa Nostra after his "descent into the field", as it had already been told by many employees giustizia.I Corleone Bernardo Provenzano, in fact, wrote to the Prime Minister to threaten, bland, asking for his support and offer their own. You can read it here in black and white, in this letter for three days in Palermo filed the documents in the appeal process for recycling against Massimo Ciancimino, a son of Don Vito, the former mayor of Palermo mafia, who died in 2002.Una letter that "The Express" online public exclusively. This is the second part of a letter (the original seems to have been torn up and still went to now lost) in which they were written in italics the following sentences: "... I mean policy position to bring my contribution (which is not much) because this sad event does not have to believe that this event verificarsi.Sono Mr Berlusconi will make available to its television channels. "Anyone who has penned those words, it will establish a handwriting expert. In fact, experts will be given the task of comparing the letter with the writings of other men connected to Provenzano. The first tests have already ruled out, however, that the authors are Don Vito, and his son Massimo, who after a conviction at first instance in five years and three months, working with the magistratura.Tanto that so far his words, between the other, led to the opening of an investigation for complicity in aiding and abetting aggravated by the corruption mafioso of the PDL against Senator Carlo Vizzini, senators UDC Salvatore Cuffaro and waist and the UDC and the deputy regional secretary of the party in Sicily, Saverio Romano. Massimo Ciancimino with the judges spoke at length of the letter, he remembers seeing the papers of his father when he was still intera.Ma all his statements were marked confidential. The few leaks that seep from this rib investigation, already well advanced and established by the findings on the heritage left by Don Vito millionaire heirs, however, say two things. The first: the Prosecutor considers that these elements in hand to give the message to the Corleone mafia close to Bernardo Provenzano, the boss for all the nineties has continued to meet with Vito Ciancimino.Anche when the former mayor, after being sentenced to 13 years for mafia, was held under house arrest in his apartment in central Rome. Second, the judges are convinced that the letter of the Corleone has arrived at its destination. The document was found among the personal papers of Don Vito. Were to seize, in 2005, the police: "Part of A4 sheet manuscript, which requests the Hon. Berlusconi for making available one of its television networks," read a statement prepared to use time of a captain 's But the letter had been Arma.Incredibilmente for four years in the drawers of the Prosecutor and, at the time, had never been challenged in Ciancimino junior in different interviews. The only mention of Berlusconi who is in fact regard these old records a request on a copy of a check for 35 million pounds may be paid in the '70s and '80s by the then current leader of the young Knight of Andreotti in Sicily. Of the check is spoken in a long telephone call intercepted between Maximus and his sister Luciana March 6 2004.Venti the day would be held in Palermo after the event to celebrate ten years of Forza Italy. Luciana says to his brother that it was called by Gianfranco (Micciché probably, at that time felt right at home Ciancimino) who had invited the meeting because he wanted to submit Berlusconi.Luciana: "Shit, I phoned Gianfranco .. ah, we regard this? twenty to one I get a message?" Maximum: Last time I met him on the plane "Luciana" Eh ... March 27, Palermo ... for the ten years of victory of Forza Italy is Silvio Berlusconi. Palermo was chosen because it is the most secure ... eh ... Forecast ... In preparation we will be 15 thousand ... "Max:" Ah, "Luciana" ... eh fuck is wrong then I said, I write and study message: "stoned, to those who had to send this message sucunnu my sbagliasti ... in dialect, eh ... eh (laughs) and I answered: "Suca" ... eh (laughs) ... half an hour ago I called and said: "Shit, but you're a shit" and then we said, "because I'm a shit." He says, you might have thought that I was wrong to send? I have sent to you because I know you want to know him [Berlusconi nei]? I'm telling you that March 27 "Maximum:" And tell him that his c'abbiamo a check, if it wants back ... "Luciana" (laughs) Who, the Berlusconi? Max: "Yes, we still have in the old carpetta daddy? "Luciana" What the fuck you say "Maximum:" Sure, "Luciana" Del Berlusca? "Max:" Yes, 35 million, if you can give it to Him ... "But in search of home Ciancimino, the police can not find the check. Asked March 3, 2005, Ciancimino jr. spoke to him only confirms that his father, but does not say where it ended: "Yes, I told my father?" But then it was a controversy between me and my sister, so the next day I went to the event instead of Fassino. "But now, after the decision to cooperate with prosecutors, would have been more precise. But not enough. Why Ingroia and Di Matteo, having accidentally discovered the letter in the archive of the prosecution, but also acquired the acts of the new survey report known as the Grand Orient, prepared on the basis of confidence (often recorded) of the Mafia boss Lugi Ilardo, all ' then colonel of the carabinieri, Michele Riccio.Ilardo was killed in mysterious circumstances on the eve of his official collaboration with justice. But already in February? 1994 had told the investigator as Cosa Nostra, for the March elections, had decided to support the infant movement Berlusconi. One thing they repented and then talked about dozens of historically established in several judgments. Ilardo February 24 Riccio had told how the first few weeks "of Palermo" had opened a "restricted meeting" in Caltanissetta Caltanissetta with some of the householder and catanese.Nell 'meeting "had been decided that all persons belonging to various organizations of the mafia Italy would have to vote "Forza Italy." After each family would receive the information on which the candidate would have to meet the preference votes ... (also) vertices "Palermo" had established a contact with an unsuspecting member high-level member of Berlusconi's entourage. These, in exchange for their support, had guaranteed government regulations in favor of the indicted members of the various "mafia families" as well as covers for future development of their economic interests ... "One of the hypotheses, but not the only one, is that it Whether the inventor of Forza Italy, Marcello Dell'Utri, already convicted in first instance to 9 years for collusion with the prosecutor in Palermo mafiosa.La, therefore suspected that the letter found in the archive of Ciancimino fits into of this alleged deal. In? 94, in fact, Berlusconi ruled for only seven months and also the rules contained in the so-called salvaladri decree of July, agreed to allow many of the protagonists of tangentopoli to get out of jail, which would in theory have favored the bosses at the end were not immediately ratificate.Da here is the track followed by the investigators, the apparent threats to the Cavaliere ("the tragic event"), requests from the provision of a television network and subsequent political developments that led to laws certainly also like the mafia, but often approved with the bipartisan consensus of the center-left.

Peter Gomez, from L'espresso.

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, no, a hundred thousand. The psychodrama of the PD in Sicily

Think of a young Sicilian any voter, maybe a boy on his first vote. He does not know anything about the internal war between dalemiani veltroniani and especially knows nothing of variable geometry of Lombard, the political formula coined by Governor Sicilian wink to the center, in times of misunderstandings with the universe pidiellino. He knows nothing either of those local councils where the Democratic Party has run in alliance with the Movement for the autonomy of Raffaele Lombardo. If no one would ask how it is possible one day to shoot heavily against the governor and another allearvisi. At one point the leaders of the Democratic Party do the unexpected gift of candidates in European elections two mafia figures like Crocetta and Rita Borsellino. That boy is raised on bread and mafia, read the books of Danilo Dolci, participating in protests against Cosa Nostra and does volunteer work with Addiopizzo. It should therefore be convinced to vote with these two candidates "abnormal" and so do many others. Result? Borsellino cross and take in two, almost two thirds of the votes allocated to the party. And many of these votes, we can assure you, are the young guns that even the Democratic Party would have voted if it were not for those names there, which combine, in the expectations of many, the new policy with a realistic hope of Sicily different. In parallel, however, the Democratic Party seems to be attracted by the Sicilian sirens fielded by Raffaele Lombardo to "start a common political path, "as they say in political jargon. She does not know, at least officially, in the manner and timing of implementation. Surely, though, there's that much of who voted quell'elettorato Crocetta and Borsellino is incompatible with political costumes (and beyond) the Governor of Sicily. Let us understand this contradiction within the Democratic Party in Sicily, which could border on pure political schizophrenia of a party that, on the one hand tries to innovate, the other goes hand in hand with the one who is seen as the prince of politics patronage and emblem of that immortal Democrat political class that controls the island in decades. The pleasure dell'onestàNon certain sin you most likely to suspect that the success in the European elections of two candidates of the caliber of Crocetta and Rita Borsellino is indigestible to the nomenclature can be democratic. First, because the candidates pointed to the establishment on two more: Italo Tripi, regional secretary of the CGIL and John Barbagallo, a former Democrat MP from six regional legislatures. "The order was stable rate of Tripura and Barbagallo, but I came into the seat, I did not vote for them and I preferred to Crocetta and Borsellino," confesses a young adviser to the district of Catania. And also because of the mafia and Borsellino often Crocetta has brought more than a start in the rooms of those who would take a softer approach with certain subjects. It is no coincidence, then, that Crocetta, in presenting his candidacy in Catania, to utter these words: "My campaign is not the equipment. My campaign will be with people. " Words that can sound like any election slogan. Even trivial. But then Crocetta specifies the way and here it becomes something very like a political manifesto and ethical. "I would do part of any current. I do not want to be either with or with dalemiani veltroniani. I am Crocetta and I would like first to be critical with the other parties we first critical with ourselves. I would like, for one thing, in my party that there was Vladimiro Crisafulli (Pd leader of Enna, which does not pose a problem to exchange gossip with the district boss Raffaele Bevilacqua ed). Words are too strong to not worry anybody. But the first big step with the party occurs when the critical Crocetta appointment by the CSM, the National Anti-Mafia prosecutor, a judge in Catania. Citing acts of Anti-Mafia Commission, Crocetta shoots against zero and that the magistrate issuing agencies the following statement: "This Catania pm neglected to take legal action against members of the clan Laudani, the armed wing of the Santapaola. He had never done Crocetta. Against him break down the thunder and lightning of the leaders of the party in Sicily. Enzo Bianco in his head. In a press conference Crocetta reveals that someone wants to block his election campaign. And partly adjusts the shot. But in essence confirming the allegations against magistrato.Nemmeno Rita Borsellino was less, the ability to send a strong message to the party nominee. "My candidacy is a sign of openness on the part of the Democratic Party to civil society, reflecting the original nature and objectives that the party hath been given at the time of its creation," said Rita Borsellino, regarding the choice of focus on her European elections. How to say on like this, no going back. And when the MEP outgoing Rifondazione Giusto Catania, two weeks before the vote, the prospects for the risk of falling into the arms of Raffaele Lombardo, Rita Borsellino's answer: "The words of Catania about disturbing signs that I launched the Movement for Autonomy, besides unfounded, may be more dictated by the electorate that a real political questions. The truth is that I have and will continue to remain free. The only arms I find myself among them are those of a political project started three years ago and I will continue to pursue with consistency. " The game of electoral success partiIl Crocetta Borsellino and should by now be clear to those responsible that the mafia of the facts pay. Even in electoral terms. It should desist from making repeated attempts to bite launched by Raffaele Lombardo to strengthen its shaky chair of the governor. But it is precisely this fact that it turns out the other side of the PD, which clashes greatly with quell'elettorato calling for a radical renewal of methods and people. It is the face of a party that has introjected the conviction of failing to reach the State Government for the normal electoral process, but can do so only through the reversal of the easy road, as happened ten years ago, with the government led by Angelo Capodicasa DS (the one whose Department of Agriculture, in part UDR, was a certain Toto Cuffaro), developed with the support of cossighiani broken away from the center. The approach maneuvers at Lombardo begin at the end of last year, when the Sicilian governor starts talking about variable geometry. A new political alchemy with which Lombardo collects the votes of the Democratic Party on some measures for which they lack the votes of his coalition: "On the reforms do not count the traditional sides and I'm sure the law will continue to form important cross-cutting majorities, variable geometry "said the President of the Region. It 's just the first step. What is the immediate feedback. Lombardo is in fact the reasoning of eco Anna Finocchiaro, its competitor to the regional elections of 2008 and he largely defeat: "The geometric variables are part of another path. Meanwhile, if there are issues on which majorities may be unprecedented for the good of Sicily, for its modernization and the breakdown of power centers, this is in things. " The majority no longer reflects aloud the staff of the Democratic Party in Sicily. Yet no one asks for the resignation of Lombardo. They spend the other months, we are now close to the European elections, and it is the Governor himself to break through the inertia: take note of the failure of the majority and resets the council, by revoking the powers of his advisors. Perspective? Lombardo says and does not say. On the one hand, proposes a government institution open those pieces of parts that we will stay. Therefore also open doors to the Democratic Party. Then he says he does not want to overturn the political alliances, but stated "it could not consider those allies who, although part of the majority, have developed an objective in the classroom and out action of opposition to my government." Pd from the shore, on a no dialogue with Lombardo pronounces the enigmatic leader Antonello Cracolici Sicilian Regional Assembly: "At the moment there are no openings or closings. We are a party and choice should be collegial. " It seems like a perfect party game. With a timetable for gradual, digestible to the voters to make the gum end any relationship with Lombardo. At the moment so it is better to stand by and watch. At the end of a summit of the Roman party, attended by the secretary Dario Franceschini, a leader of the Senate Anna Finocchiaro and regional secretary Francantonio Genovese, a launch Ansa reports that: "Although Lombardo has not yet advanced formal proposals to the Democratic Party, while explaining readiness to form a government with everyone, the summit decided that the Democratic Party, at least in a first stage, the Democrats will stand out from all forms of political involvement. " At least as a first step, appunto.A demand the resignation of the President of the Region meanwhile, isolated voice, is responsible for National Local Government of Italy of Values Ignazio Messina. But after a stormy day, it took a day to reassure allies, another to threaten them, Lombardo launches his second government, taking out half the UDC and the PDL. The majority of the area which gives its blessing to the Lombard-ba baby is to Gianfranco Micciche, Secretary of State at the Presidency of the Council from time course with the party leaders in Sicily. According to rumors increasingly insistent Micciché is about to create a sort of League of the South and the President of the Region. Lombardo was the same, moreover, to proclaim a year ago at a press conference, right along with Gianfranco Micciche. "With Miccichè cultivate an idea: that of a training policy autonomy. E'un'idea that sooner or later ripen. Maybe in ten years. And he'll drive it, because younger than me. " And then President of the Ars nodded: "E'un'idea we grow for some time and really need". But now the Secretary denies and reassuring to be part of one hundred percent of the PDL. About Micciché: But was not he who, a year and a half ago, she launched the project "Sicilian Revolution" to contend Raffaele Lombardo's candidacy for President of the Region? Yes, him. "Micciché in the guise of revolutionary Che Guevara did not see him for nothing," said So sarcastic Raffaele Lombardo. Now the two are very close. Amazingly Sicily. The big news of the Lombardo-bis are the appointments of two technical advisors: the magistrate Catherine Chinn, daughter of the investigating judge who was murdered in Palermo in 1983 and Marco Venturi, president of the Chamber of Commerce of Caltanissetta, one of the leading exponents of the Sicilian Confindustria (of which he is Vice-President) who are fighting against the racket and for this very close to Senator Lumia. But the Democratic Party, speaking through its regional secretary, made it known that the Lombard-ba will not fail their objections. "The addition of some technical that you can appreciate the personal and professional profiles certainly not enough to characterize the new government in terms of innovation, "said Genovese. Meanwhile, as Lombardo is preparing to face the test of the vote in the classroom, the leader of the Democratic Party Ars Antonello Cracolici has created an association, "Demos", which stands for "Democrats in Sicily." The new association will be presented July 2 to participate in a debate with the ubiquitous Miccichè. Title of the debate? "The more parties in the South or parts of the South?". And who wants to understand capisca.Lumìe SiciliaIn of waiting for the Pd-axis Mpa is translated into something more, the alliance is already reality in some towns. A fruit aroma inviting The island, often political laboratory, could bring a dowry to national policy in the perspective of a possible breakdown of the two poles. Last masterpiece in time (and first place for originality) is the coalition with which he was elected on 7 June, the mayor of Termini Imerese Burrafato Toto, prison officer's son killed by the Mafia in 1982. Burrafato, DS then passed through the Democratic Party, the Democrats have given up months ago to make his Civic Party, which enjoyed strong but not of the same Democratic Party of Italy of Values, Raffaele Lombardo, and also the anomalous strong convergence on his candidacy people like Gianfranco Micciche and Senator Giuseppe Lumia on its website that called him "honest and capable young man, a candidate with a clear profile mafia who married a draft law and development." Only to then criticize the choice (but maintains its support) to appoint from among its commissioners the same Gianfranco Micciche. Sure is hard to imagine the homogeneity of the commitment of anti-mafia Burrafato with recent statements Micciché Klaus Davi: "The Mafia in the time he left Sicily. Today I feel much, much less present than in the nineties. Today there may be a sudden development in the region, because there's no pressure mafia. At least in my personal experience. " But it goes the same. Critical of his party, however, Lumia is the covenant which was about a candidate to govern the town of Mazara del Vallo (defeated by PDL). But dissent was not about the lawmaker's relationship with the Movement for Autonomy, but the alliance's expansion area UDC headed Giammarinaro Pino, a former regional member of the Christian Democrats, under investigation for mafia, then acquitted and then subjected to three years of special supervision. In fact, this seemed a bit 'too much. In Monroe, however, something happened that no longer belongs to the policy but ridiculous in the first round were three strong candidates: Filippo Di Matteo, supported by PDL and by Lombardo, Salvatore Zuccaro, and Pd from Italy of Values \u200b\u200band the outgoing mayor, Salvatore Gullo, from the PDL which is headed by Gianfranco Micciche. In view of the ballot, won by Di Matteo and Zuccaro, has run been a shuffling of papers from the Guinness Book of World Records. Lombardo's movement has in fact withdrawn its support to the Centre for siding with the candidate of the Democratic Party, which, in turn, on the one hand it has lost in the controversy in Italy of Values, the other gains the support of Gullo and then area which belongs to Micciché. It thus confirms once again the axis Micciché-Lombardo. Trivia: the Movement for Autonomy could not use their logo, because the law has remained among the symbols that have supported the center. In any case, so much effort for nothing: for the record won the candidate Pdl.Dall 'other part of Sicily is a municipality in which the alliance Pd-Lombardo works a treat even for years. This is Mascalucia, common to few kilometers from Catania, where the mafia has long since stretched its tentacles. Mayor of the municipality, under the banner of the party Lombardo, Salvatore Maugeri is a young manufacturer with extensive interests in the area, recently confirmed to the post of prime city from a harvest of votes that the candidate has annihilated the PDL in the first round. The most votes in the Council City, with about five preferences (many for a country of twenty thousand inhabitants), was a boy only eighteen years old son of a policeman of the place. Elected to the Mpa.

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take the advice ... The existence of God

I want to crop a couple of good tips.

Enjoy the power and beauty of your youth without

think.

Or think about it (so is the same).

If you think about it too soon disappear.

Beauty and the youth will understand once dried,

say the wise. But there hopes up.

Twenty years from now will look at your old photo as the holy:

worship in the knee.

How many chances you had and what it looks great,

You were not as fat as you imagine.

Nothing belly. But this is the advice:

the stomach does not exclude the eroticism.

Look Socrates and big belly amateur.

not worry about the future,

or worry, you do.

Do one thing when you are scared. Sing.

Singing is life.

Do not be cruel or Be such but only a little.

Wash your teeth! Clean, groom your body ...

Do not bother with envy ...

The Greeks, however, also attributed the appreciation and Gods: tenetene account.

look with horror the girl next:

may one day be your wife.

And you girls look with horror

that young man who sits next to you:

may one day be your husband!

Remember all the compliments you receive.

Forget the insults but not all.

Keep what you like best.

Keep your old love letters. What a laugh!

Do not feel guilty if you do not know what to do with your life.

The most interesting people I know,

at twenty-two did not know what to do with her.

But even after.

Maybe you'll marry, maybe not.

But if you get married you can not divorce think about.

Enjoy your body, use it in all ways you want.

Yes, even in the ...

Dance!

Even if the only place you have to do

is the living room of your home.

read "Thus Spake Zarathustra"

tappategli but first the mouth.

He also gives advice. Or him or me.

read all sorts of statements but do not run it.

Do it with medicines: first DISCARD

then medicines.

Get to know your parents well.

You never know when they leave ... (Finally)

Give yourself to do to bridge geographic distances

and lifestyles.

Live in Canicattì but leave before it hardens.

Live at ............

but leave before they are soft.

Be careful whose advice,

and patients with those who supply it.

accept the latter suggestion:

never accept tips.

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"If God does not exist to prove its existence is nonsense, but if God exists, prove its existence is a blasphemy."
Many arguments about the existence of God had been proposed by philosophers, theologians and other thinkers. This entry lists some of the most common arguments (pro and against), and in particular those falling in the area of \u200b\u200bphilosophy of religion, and using philosophical terminology, introduces the schools of thought on epistemology of the ontology of God

What is God? (Definition of the existence of God)
One way to establish the validity of any argument for the existence of God is to examine the characteristics of God that this amounts to asking "What is God?"
One approach to this problem, following the works of Ludwig Wittgenstein, would be to extract a definition of "God" from the way in which this particular word is used. How we use the word "God" or "gods"? This line of reasoning immediately encounters problems when trying to write a universal notion of "God" as this word (and its equivalent in other languages) has been used in very different ways throughout the course of human history.
Today in the West, the word "God" typically refers to the concept of a monotheistic Supreme Being, a being that is unlike any other. A common definition in this tradition says that God possesses every possible perfection, including qualities such as omniscience, omnipotence, and perfect benevolence. However, this definition is not the only possiblile.
polytheistic religions use the word "god" for many things, that are all believed to exist. Some myths, like those of Homer and Ovid, portray these gods who argue, deceive and fight one another. The time period in which these conflicts occur (eg, the ten years of the Trojan war), means that none of these deities is omnipotent, nor particularly sympathetic.

According to Hindu metaphysics
In the Hindu context, the philosophy of the monist schools of Advaita Vedanta, the reality will ultimately be seen as an individual, without quality, immutable, eternally happy and complete, called Brahman (or Brahman nirguna, that is Brahman without attributes). Brahman Although immanent in the whole event, is seen as something that is beyond human understanding, because there can be no cognitive tools suited to understand the Brahman within any form of dual existence: the only way to understand Brahman, Brahman is to be rediscovered. What we ordinarily perceive, that a world composed of many aspects (from coarser to finer), is due to illusion, and it is difficult if not impossible to emancipate and develop the illusion nirguna Brahman. To make them accessible to man, the birth of the universe is manifested as Ishvara (or Saguna Brahman, or Brahman with attributes), ie the appearance personal God, the God with a personality and attributes, which shows her devotees in myriad forms. A Ishvara, in turn, are ascribed qualities such as omniscience, omnipotence, and benevolence.

The problem of the supernatural
A problem immediately posed by the question of the existence of a god is that traditional beliefs often attribute to God the various supernatural powers. Supernatural beings may be able to hide or reveal themselves for their own purposes, such as in the story of Philemon and Baucis.
supernatural abilities of God are often offered to explain the inability of empirical methods to investigate their existence. In the philosophy of science Karl Popper, the assertion of the existence of a supernatural God is not a falsifiable hypothesis, liquids and closed scientific investigation.
Proponents of intelligent design believe that there is empirical evidence to suggest the existence of an intelligent creator, even if their claims are often disputed by the scientific community. Since intelligent design relies on a restricted set of topics related to the problem of fine tuning, which have not yet been resolved with natural explanations. The creator meant by intelligent design is equivalent to the negative connotation of God empty.
The logical positivists like Rudolph Carnap and AJ Ayer, see any discussion about the gods as a real nonsense. For the logical positivists and their members in similar schools of thought, religion or other statements about the transcendent experience may not have a truth value, and are considered as meaningless.

Epistemology
You can not say "know" something just because you believe. Knowledge is distinct from justification through faith.
Knowledge, in the sense of "understanding of a fact or truth" can be distinguished in a posteriori knowledge, based on experience or a deduction (see methodology), and a priori knowledge derived from introspection, from axioms or dall'autoevidenza. Knowledge can also be described as a psychological state, since strictly speaking there can never be a true a posteriori knowledge (see relativism). Much of the disagreement about the "evidence" of God's existence is due to differing viewpoints, not just the word "God", but also of "test", "truth" and "knowledge." Belief resulting from the revelation or illumination (satori), falls in the second type of knowledge, that a priori.
different conclusions about the existence of God is often based on different criteria in deciding which methods are appropriate for deciding whether something is true or not. Examples are:
logic counts as evidence regarding the quality of life?
subjective experience counts as evidence for objective reality?
can the logic or evidence to admit or exclude the supernatural?

Arguments for the existence of God
a dispute arose as to whether there are many proofs of the existence of God or if not all parts of a single test. While all of these tests should have the same conclusion, affirming the existence of God, but do not start from the same point. Thomas Aquinas calls viae with competence: Pathways to learning God's leading all on the same highway.

Arguments The metaphysical
metaphysical arguments for God's existence trying to show the logical necessity of a being with at least one attribute that only God can have.
The cosmological argument, which argues that God must exist at the start of things to be the "first cause".
the ontological argument, based on arguments about 'being such that, we can not conceive of anything greater. " The pantheistic
argument that defines God as All; similar to monism and panentheism cosmology.

empirical argument
Other arguments make use of definitions and axioms. For example, some of These arguments require only that assumes that there is a non-random universe able to support life. Among these are:
The teleological argument, which contends that the order and complexity of the universe show signs of a will (telos), and that must have been designed by an intelligent designer with properties that can have only one God.
The anthropic argument focuses on basic facts, such as our existence, to show God
The moral argument states that the objective morality exists and that God exists then
The transcendental argument for God's existence, which supports that logic, science, ethics and other things that we take seriously, make sense if there is no God therefore atheistic arguments must eventually refute themselves, if pressed with rigorous consistency. On the other hand there is also a transcendental argument of non-existence of God

inductive argument
The inductive arguments supporting their conclusions through inductive reasoning.
Another set of philosophers argues that the evidence of the existence of God have a fairly high probability, though not absolutely certain. A number of dark spots, they argue, is always there. In order to overcome these difficulties, or there is necessarily an act of will, a religious experience or discernment the misery of the world without God, so that eventually the heart to make a decision. This view is supported, among others, by the British statesman Arthur Balfour in his book The Foundations of Belief (1895). The views carried on this work were taken to France by Ferdinand Brunetière, editor of Revue des Deux Mondes. Many orthodox Protestants express themselves in the same way, such as Dr. E. Dennert, president of the Society Kepler, in his work Ist Gott tot?

subjective arguments
The arguments rely primarily on subjective experience or testimony of certain witnesses, or the propositions of a specific religion revealed.
The argument gives credibility to the testimonies of the witnesses personally, contemporary or historical. A variation is the claim of miracles, which relies on the testimonies of supernatural events to establish the existence of God or religious
The Christological argument is specific to religions such as Christianity, and argues for example that the life of Jesus, as written in the New Testament, establish credibility, and therefore we believe in the truth of his statements about God An example of this is the trilemma by CS Lewis in Mere Christianity.
The argument of the majority argues that people of all ages and in different places have believed in God, therefore it is unlikely that there is.

Arguments based on personal experience
The Scottish School led by Thomas Reid teaches that the fact of God's existence is accepted by us without knowledge of the reasons, but simply a natural impulse. That God exists, says this school is one of the fundamental metaphysical principles, we accept not because they are self-evident or because they can be proven, but because common sense obliges us to accept them.
The argument of a base that supports their faith in God is "properly basic", ie, similar to statements like "I see a chair" or "I feel pain." These beliefs are non-falsifiable and therefore can be neither proven nor disproven, these are perceptual beliefs or mental states indisputable.
In Germany, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi School taught that our reason is able to perceive the supersensible. Jacobi distinguished three faculties: sense, reason, and understanding. Just as the senses have an immediate perception of material things, the reason has a perception of the immaterial inmmediata while understanding brings these perceptions to our awareness and brings them together with each other. The existence of God, therefore, can not be proven - Jacobi, like Kant, rejected the absolute value of the principle of causality - it must be felt by the mind.
In his Emile, Jean-Jacques Rousseau asserted that when our understanding ponders the existence of God, he encounters nothing but contradictions. The impulses of our hearts, however, have more value than the understanding, and this clearly proclaims the truths of natural religion, or the existence of God and the immortality of the soul.
The same theory was supported in Germany by Friedrich Schleiermacher (d. 1834), which took on a religious sense by which we feel internal religious truths. According to Schleiermacher, religion is only in this internal perception, and the doctrines dogmtiche are not essential [5].
Many modern Protestant theologians following in the footsteps of Schleiermacher, and teach that God's existence can not be proved, and the certainty of this truth comes only from our inner experience, feelings and perception.
The modern Christianity denies the provability of the existence of God According to this, we can know something of God only by vital immanence, namely that, under favorable circumstances, the need for divine sleeping in our subconscious becomes conscious and awakens the religious feeling or experience in which God reveals himself to us. In condemnation of this view, the Oath against modernism formulated by Pope Pius X said: "... natural Deum rationis lumine quae facta sunt, for and, hoc est for visibility creationis work, tanquam causam for certain effectus cognosco adeoque demostrari etiam posse, profiteor. "(" I declare that natural light of reason, God can certainly be known and therefore its existence can be demonstrated by things done or seen through the work of creation, because the case is known by its effects. ")

Arguments against the existence of God
Each of these topics is to show that some particular conceptions of God are inherently meaningless , inconsistent or contradictory scientific facts or historical note, and then described as a god does not exist.

empirical argument
The empirical arguments are based on empirical data to prove their conclusions.
"In the frame of scientific rationalism leads to a belief in the nonexistence of God, not because of some knowledge, but due to a scale decresente methods. At one extreme, we can confidently reject the personnel of the creationists on solid empirical basis: the science is sufficient to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that there has never been a flood and that the planetary sequence evolution of the universe does not follow any of the two versions of Genesis. However, the more we move toward a deistic God and inconsistently defined, more scientific rationalism digs in his box styling tools and shifts from empirical science to logical philosophy informed by science. Ultimately, the most convincing arguments against a deistic God are the words of Hume and Occam's razor. These are philosophical arguments, but are also the foundation of all knowledge, and therefore can not be dismissed as non-scientific. The reason why we put our trust in these two principles is because their application in the empirical sciences has led to spectacular successes over the last three centuries. "
The argument of inconsistent revelations denies the existence of the biblical deity called God Middle East as depicted in the scriptures, as the Jewish Tanakh, the Christian Bible or the Muslim Koran, identifying the contradictions between different scriptures, those within a single write, or contradictions between scripture and known facts.
The problem of evil (or theodicy) in general, and the evidential and logical arguments of evil in particular, deny the existence of a god who is both omnipotent and omnibenevolo, arguing that such a god would not allow the existence of evil or of perceived pain, which can easily be demonstrated to exist. This argument is also called moral argument: if God existed it would be non-moral point of view of human understanding, so useless as a reference. The argument does not relate closely to the existence of any god, so is also supported by theists and atheists as well as by other groups.
The argument of the insufficient design challenges the idea that God created life, based on the fact that life forms show little or malevolent design, which can be easily explained using evolution or naturalism.
The argument of unbelief denies the existence of an omnipotent God who wants humans to believe in him, arguing that such a god would do a better job of gathering believers. This argument is disputed by the claim that God wants to test people to see who has more faith. However, this assertion is rejected by the arguments related to the problem of evil.

deductive arguments
The deductive arguments try to prove their conclusions by deductive reasoning from true premises.
The paradox of omnipotence and other theological paradoxes, are one of the many arguments that contend that the definitions or descriptions of God are logically contradictory, and thus demonstrate its non-existence.
The argument of free will deny the existence of an omniscient God has free will, arguing that the two properties are contradictory.
The transcendental argument of non-existence of God denies the existence of an intelligent creator, demonstrating that such employees would be logical and moral, which is incompatible with the presuppositional statement that they are necessary, and contradicts the effectiveness of science. A more general line of argument based on the argument of transcendental non-existence of God, try to generalize this argument to all the necessary features of the universe and all concepts of god. The counter
cosmological argumentation (the chicken or the egg ") states that if the universe was created by God because he had to have a creator, then God, in turn, should have been created by another god, and so on. This attacks the premise that the universe is the "secondary cause" (After God, claimed to be the "first cause"). A common response to this is that God exists outside of time and the universe [8], and therefore does not require a cause. However, that statement ricondurrebbe to Occam's razor, making sure the case with the first empirical argument: the logical model causal pù would not be beneficial, depending on an item without cause, and then, more than in necessary. The non-cognitivism
theological, as used in the literature, usually seeks to disprove the concept of God shows that it is unverifiable and meaningless.

inductive argument
The inductive arguments supporting their conclusions through inductive reasoning.
The atheist-existentialist argument of non-existence of a sentient being perfect, says that since the existence precedes essence, it follows from the meaning of the term sentient that a sentient being can not be complete or perfect. The issue is approached by Jean-Paul Sartre in Being and Nothingness. According to Sartre, God would pour-soi [a being in itself, a conscious being] which is also en-soi [a being in itself, a thing]: which is a contradiction in terms. This argument is echoed in the novel by Salman Rushdie, Grimus: "What is complete is also dead."
The argument of "no reason" tries to show that an omnipotent being perfect or has no reason to act in any way, including through the universe, why would not you want to, because the concept of desire and humans. Since the universe exists, there is a contradiction, and therefore, an omnipotent God can not exist. This argument is married to Scott Adams in his book God's Debris.

Conclusions The conclusions on the existence of God can be roughly divided into two camps: theistic and atheistic. Both fields can be further divided into two groups each, based on the belief that their position is or is not definitively proven by the arguments.
for atheism there is no necessary or sufficient grounds to affirm the existence of God or the existence of God is impossible from a logical point of view.
for agnosticism does not have or can not have an absolute answer to the problem of the existence of God
for theism, there are sufficient reasons to believe in the existence of God or gods.

Source: wikipedia.org